A normal urine glucose is 0 to trace amounts. However, some people have a higher or lower threshold for spilling glucose into the urine. Once serum glucose reaches 180 mg/100ml and above, it is possible to spill small amounts of glucose into the urine. Without disease, it is possible to "spill" glucose after eating a large meal. The how and why glucose gets into the urine is dependent upon several factors. Some of the disease conditions which can cause proteinuria are renal disease, fever, CHF, hypertension, tumors, and others. Some non-disease conditions such as extreme muscle exertion and pregnancy may cause proteinuria. Albumin is usually the first protein to be excreted in disease conditions. Only a very small amount of protein should be excreted into the urine in a 24-hour period (normal is 0-trace). Low specific gravity (1.035) occurs in nephrotic syndrome, dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis, heart failure, liver failure, or shock. Specific gravity will decrease when the water content is high and the dissolved particles are low (less concentrated). Specific Gravity will increase with the amount of dissolved particles (concentrated) in it. Specific gravity is the weight of the urine as compared to water. A 24-hour specimen would reveal an optimum pH of about 6.0. However, the urine pH does change during the day due to dietary influences and water intake. If alkaline, it can be indicative of infection. Urine is normally slightly acid (4.5 - 7.2 normal range). A patient diet history is important if the urine has an odor. Certain foods may also give urine certain color and odor. Maple syrup urine disease and phenylketonuria (PKU) also cause distinctive odors. In urinary tract infections, a fetid odor commonly is associated with E. In diabetes mellitus, starvation, and dehydration, a fruity odor accompanies formation of ketone bodies. The odor of a urine specimen is also noted. Hospitalization is stressful enough without the added shock of unexpected orange urine. Of course, the patient should be "warned" of these changes. Dorban can color the urine red phenolphthalein can color it red pyridium can color the urine dark orange. Inflammation may also cloud the urine as well as other pathological conditions can. Normal urine color is a light yellow to a dark amber color. Some drugs can change the color of the urine. Urine may contain red or white blood cells, bacteria, fat, or chyle and may reflect renal or urinary tract infection. Turbidity and other terms are used to characterize the appearance of a urine specimen. ![]() The following tests are most common components of the urinalysis: Remember that it will always save time in the long run to take care not to contaminate any type urine specimen. The container for this routine specimen should be clean again, in some cases, the hospital requires a sterile container for all specimens. Some hospitals will require that even the routine urinalysis be collected under sterile conditions just as a culture specimen would be collected. This does not require any special equipment or expense to the patient. This improper handling can affect the results of the test, since contamination can occur at any point in the handling.Įven the routine urinalysis should be a midstream specimen after cleansing the meatus. It has become such a routine patient test, that often, care is not taken when collecting and handling specimens. Everyone should be reminded of the importance of this test. It can easily reveal renal and systemic pathologies. The urinalysis is another common test routinely taken in almost all acute hospitals as an admission lab screening test.
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